By David Jessop
News Americas, LONDON, England, Weds. April 1, 2012: It was scarcely surprising to hear that when Caribbean Foreign Ministers met in January with their British counterpart the most divisive issue was the UK’s discriminatory tax on travel, Air Passenger Duty.
According to those present, far more revealing was the extent to which Caribbean Foreign Ministers
spoke in this context with knowledge and conviction about the central importance of tourism to
regional growth and development. It demonstrated that the vital importance of tourism as an
industry had been understood. It suggested too that Ministers, if well briefed, were prepared to
deploy arguments in defence of the industry in much the same way as they had in the 1990s when
the region fought European plans to bring to an end preference for sugar, bananas, rice and rum.
Although the conviction about tourism’s central economic importance has yet fully to take hold
across the region, 2012 ought to be the year when this happens.
A joint Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO), Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association (CHTA)
Summit takes place in Jamaica in June; CTO’s annual Caribbean conference on sustainable tourism
takes place this month in Guyana; and CHTA will host an investment conference this month and later
celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. All events offer the opportunity to focus minds on the challenges that the industry faces and more importantly the opportunity to develop solutions with the support of Governments
What is required, if the industry is to flourish in a globally competitive environment, is for these occasions to be used to not only preach to the converted but also to broaden understanding about how tourism relates to growth, employment, development, the environment and regional competitiveness.
One of the biggest problems that faces the industry – despite its size and wealth – is the absence
of hard information indicating just how significant a role it plays in national economies. The consequence of this has been that up to now the industry has been speaking largely bereft of the ammunition with which to convince policy makers.
Helpfully in this respect evidence is now becoming available.
In March a study entitled ‘Tourism as a Driver of Jamaica’s Economic Development’ was published.
Commissioned by the Jamaica Hotel and Tourism Association from Oxford Economics and using
newly developed primary data from the industry plus national statistics, it indicates the central
importance of the industry to Jamaica and its future growth. Produced independently, but used to
support the Jamaican industry’s lobby against the removal of tax waivers, it provides new insights
into just how important the industry has become.
According to the study, tourism has become the core driver of the Jamaican economy. It suggests
that in Jamaica, tourism contributes 19.5 per cent of GDP, generates 1 in 4 of all jobs and is the
island’s leading export industry.
Strikingly it also suggests that nearly three-quarters of Jamaica’s US$2.64billion (J$229 billion)
annual earnings from tourism remain within the country. This contrasts with academic studies
containing estimates relied on by international institutions, which suggest that between 60 to 80 per
cent of tourism earnings leave the country.
By including indirect and induced value of tourism to the economy, Oxford Economics took what
many believe to be a more realistic approach than the direct accounting model of the tourism sector
used by the Jamaican and other Governments. So by their measure Oxford Economics’ estimate that
19.5 per cent of the Jamaica’s gross output is results from tourism while Government suggests the
figure is 7.3 per cent.
The research body indicated that of the 71 per cent of expenditure that remained within the island,
33 per cent related to payment of local salaries and value-added services; 38 per cent to local
purchases minus imported components; and leakages accounted for the remaining 29 per cent. The
study also suggests that in Jamaica tourism drives 15 per cent of all construction, 10 per cent of the
finance and banking sector, 20 per cent of manufacturing and 21 per cent of utilities.
That this is significantly at odds with a recent World Bank study on Jamaica suggests that there is
a need for detailed attention to be paid to comparing the report’s findings and methodology with
the approach taken by international institutions and academics whose figures, intentionally or
otherwise, continue to feed anti-tourism sentiment by suggesting that the leakage rate of overseas
earnings from Caribbean tourism is the highest in the world.
What this indicates also is that tourism requires a much more rigorous information-based approach
to what is said. For too long there has been a tendency to conflate personal and public views
without recognizing or exploring the hard reality of an industry that underwrites a significant part of
Caribbean growth.
As CTO and CHTA prepare for their meetings this is a challenge that both organizations need to rise
to.
Since the start of the twenty first century the industry in the region has undergone structural
change, the implications of which have not fully been acknowledged by Governments or the industry.
The pricing policies of the externally owned hotel chains and cruise ships with large numbers of
rooms is driving down the profitability of domestically owned smaller hotels; viral marketing, search
engines and new media are changing marketing in ways that has turned every global destination
and property into a competitor; taxes on visitors whether domestic or external are increasing at a
rate that may place the Caribbean, especially for middle-income long haul travelers, back into the
category of aspirational; Cuba’s changing economic model will bring it fully back into the Caribbean
market as a competitor; levels, of service and cuisine are far from acceptable at many properties
in relation to price; the largely unspoken issue of crime against tourists has yet to be addressed;
the fastest growth in disposable income and travel in the next decade is likely to be in markets that
the region is only slowly reaching out to; and there are continuing challenges relating to airlift, the
environment, financing and leadership.
These are matters that touch the lives of the hundreds of thousands who now work in or are
dependent on the tourism sector’s success.
It would be good therefore, to feel that this might be the year when all Caribbean political leaders,
the public sector, academics and the broader community embraced the industry and debated how best to support its future development.
David Jessop is the Director of the Caribbean Council and can be contacted at david.jessop@caribbean-council.org. Previous columns can be found at www.caribbean-council.org
